Corollary Theorems: NUMERALS

 

English Grammar Notes #6:

NUMERALS

 

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Grammar Notes

 
DEFINITION  (fragment from Definition M5 in LSEG)
"Numeral" is the sentence element used to express an abstract numerical value, a numerical determination, or ...

The numeral is presented according to the following (simplified) structure:
1. Categories of Numerals
2. Cardinal Numerals
3. Ordinal Numerals
4. Fractional Numerals
5. Technical Numerals


In most grammar books the numeral is not considered a morphologic sentence element per se. Various categories of numerals are labeled "adjectives", "adverbs", and even "pronouns".

Because they are not explained as they should, a lot of people have troubles using and understanding numerals. One of the most frequent mistake is, TV anchors using the value of billion instead of million and vice versa. People with little or no education use the letter "O" to name the numeric symbol of "0" (zero). They are 2 different symbols! Excepting a vague similarity in form, a letter is a letter while a number (numeral) is a number.

The level of development a Civilization has is perfectly reflected by its knowledge in using numerals. Even more, the numeral was one of the most important factors which have determined the apparition of any language, anywhere. Not only the numeral is a perfectly defined morphologic category, but using it appropriately is of capital importance in any language, in any Civilization, forever!

ATTENTION
These Grammar Notes are not sufficient to understand the topics presented. For accurate and detailed information we recommend Logically Structured English Grammar book.
 
 CATEGORIES OF NUMERALS

Few major categories of numerals are:
1. cardinal numerals
2. ordinal numerals
3. fractional numerals
4. collective numerals
5. distributive numerals
6. multiplicative numerals
7. adverbial numerals
8. indefinite numerals
9. technical numerals
10. roman numerals
Fragment from LSEG: categories of numerals.

LSEG: categories of numerals
 CARDINAL NUMERALS

Cardinal numerals express integer (whole) abstract numbers or the number/amount of the determined nouns in literal form.


CARDINAL NUMERALS
 

Mathematical form Literal form
0 zero; naught; null
1 one
2 two
3 three
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
24 twenty-four
67 sixty-seven
589 five hundred eighty-nine
310 533 three hundred ten thousand five hundred thirty-three
1 000 000 one/a million
1 000 000 000 one/a billion
1 000 000 000 000 one/a trillion

Cardinal numerals may also be:
1. adjectives
2. nouns
3. numeral "one" can also be a pronoun

 ORDINAL NUMERALS

Ordinal numeral is used to express the order in a series.


ORDINAL NUMERALS
 

Mathematical form/position Literal expression
1st first
2nd second
3rd third
4th fourth
5th fifth
11th eleventh
12th twelfth
13th thirteenth
20th twentieth
21st twenty-first
32nd thirty-second
73rd seventy-third
89th eighty-ninth
137th one hundred thirty-seventh

Ordinal numerals may also work as:
1. adjectives
2. nouns
3. adverbs

NOTE
Ordinal numerals allow both articles ahead.

 FRACTIONAL NUMERALS

Fractional numeral is used to express parts of a whole. Commonly, it takes two forms:

1. Common Fraction:

Form: Wholes + Numerator/Denominator

1 2/3     = one (whole) and/plus two thirds

Note the "s" added to the denominator "thirds".

2. Decimal Numbers:

12.15     = twelve fifteen, or twelve point fifteen
 TECHNICAL NUMERALS

Technical numeral is a new addition due to technological development. few of the most common forms are presented in the following table:


SCIENTIFIC NUMERALS
 

Number Notation (symbol) Name
10-12 = 0.000 000 000 001 p pico
10-9 = 0.000 000 001 n mano
10-6 = 0.000 001 μ or u micro
10-3 = 0.001 m milli
103 = 1000 K kilo
106 = 1 000 000 M mega
109 = 1 000 000 000 G giga
1012 = 1 000 000 000 000 T terra

 


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January 30, 2008
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